For most people of color in the United States racialization persists in aspects of their everyday lives. Racialization, defined by Douglas Massey as “a social process by which meanings and attributions are attached to inherited characteristics, typically for purposes of exploitation and exclusion,” in combination with gendered oppression have distinct consequences for women of color. To add another layer to their oppression, female immigrants of color─Black and non-Black Latine women to be specific in this context─face several disparities due to their intersectional identities.

I posit there is a connection to be made between Black women’s history of exploitation and disparities in reproductive health care, such as that found in the sexual transmission of infections. This is not to say that the normalization of the objectification and hypersexualization of the Black female body directly causes the increased likelihood of obtaining an STI/STD. Essentially, Black women have not been encouraged in the United States’ history to take control of their sexual and reproductive health, as that right has often been stripped from them before they are able to. Black women have been socialized to believe they lack power in sexual relationships, and I hypothesize that this socialization has lead their being less likely to negotiate contraceptive use and seek adequate reproductive health care.

“And my wish for the child is to feel the blood of her people flowing through her veins and remember that where she comes from is sacred, and that ​she ​is sacred, because her bones are white, but her blood is Black.”

Reproductive violence is one of the most prominent types of violence against women of color around the world, as it appears in the forms of Black maternal mortality, sexual abuse and coercion, contraceptive sabotage, and nonconsensual procedures such as hysterectomies and tubal ligations. This 21-page paper focuses on the historical and contemporary research that exists with regard to the forced sterilizations of Black, Indigenous, and women of color (BIWOC).

This sociological literature review addresses research that exists regarding Blackness in the Spanish-speaking/Latin Caribbean. The research brings awareness to how Afro-Latinx communities are affected by “race,” particularly concerning the larger Latinx ethnic group. Moreover, this work illustrates the marginalization of Afro-Latinx communities both historically and presently, as well as how racism is ingrained in Latinx culture. Thus, this research concludes that historical and present occurrences of anti-Blackness pervade the culture of the Spanish-speaking/Latin Caribbean (including Haiti), isolating Afro-descendants in these countries from the rest of their populations.

Sex, psychics and mental health―all considerably taboo topics in American society, and especially in minority communities. Yet the negative stigma attached to mental health among Black women has particularly challenging consequences that I have witnessed firsthand within my own communities. There is a general lack of understanding regarding mental health, and when combined with negative historical and current portrayals of Black women in media, along with the struggles of being a Black person in America, the acknowledgement and treatment of mental health disorders becomes either inadequate or nonexistent for Black American women.